Age-related macular degeneration is a complex, polygenic condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure for AMD, treatment focuses on slowing disease progression and preserving vision based on the subtype of the disease.

There are two main types of AMD:

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration - Wet AMD accounts for approximately 10% of cases and is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth beneath the retina, which can cause bleeding, fluid leakage, and rapid central vision loss. Fortunately, wet AMD can often be treated effectively with intravitreal injections that inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth and reduce retinal swelling. Commonly used medications include Eylea, Vabysmo, Avastin, and similar agents. These treatments can stabilise vision and, in many cases, improve vision that has already declined when started early.

Geographic Atrophy (Advanced Dry AMD) - Geographic atrophy is a more slowly progressive form of AMD that leads to gradual central vision loss without bleeding. Recently approved injectable medications, such as Syfovre and Izervay, have been shown to slow the progression of geographic atrophy but do not reverse existing vision loss. These treatments are appropriate only for certain patients who meet specific clinical criteria.

Nutrition and Lifestyle - Dietary factors play an important role in overall retinal health. Diets rich in antioxidant-containing foods, particularly dark leafy green vegetables such as spinach, kale, collard greens, Swiss chard, and mustard greens, are recommended to support eye health. While AREDS 2 supplements may be recommended for some patients, obtaining nutrients from whole foods is generally preferred because of better bioavailability and fewer potential side effects. Regular follow-up is essential, as AMD progression and treatment needs can change over time.